Acute Respiratory Failure Case Study for Pathophysiology Process

Question: Discuss about theAcute Respiratory Failure Case Study for Pathophysiology Process. Answer: The concept of this essay relates to the history of "Mr. X" who had suffered the acute respiratory failure. The essay begins with the discussion of Mr. X condition with relevant to his history of signs and symptoms and the result's assessment. It will also incorporate the general pathophysiology process of acute respiratory disease in relation to Mr. X's health conditions. The essay will define the respiratory disease and also the major causes of the infection will also discuss on the relationship between clinical condition assessment findings and Mr. X symptoms with pathophysiology occurring, Patients symptoms and typical assessment findings being analyzed. The conclusion will be based on the significance themes being discussed. A 65-year-old man who will be known as Mr. X to protect his identity is admitted to the hospital due to acute respiratory failure. Some of the symptoms that Mr. X had when he was admitted to the hospital include; tachypnea, peripheral vasodilation, cyanosis, tachycardia and bilateral fine respiratory crackles. He had a history of increased dyspnea and past injuries. The patient also had difficulties in breathing, restless, anxious, racing heartbeat, the skin started turning bluish, unconsciousness and profuse sweating (Frat et al, 2015). Acute respiratory distress becomes severe when the damage reaches the alveoli and the conditions turn to be the acute respiratory failure (Combes et al 2014). The patient has difficulties in oxygen supply to the blood system. This causes the pulmonary system to be unable to meet the metabolic requirements of the body. Mr. X's most risky condition was inadequate to supply of oxygen through his airways. He was then transferred to the intensive care uni t. He was placed in the pulse oximetry and the oxygen saturation maintained to above 90%. This was to ventilate his alveolar where the oxygen diffuses across the alveolar membrane into the blood capillaries. The urgent resuscitation was to improve the patients' health condition as much as possible and to prevent further life-threatening conditions. As a new nurse had little experience in dealing with the patient in such a critical condition. My prioritization was to learn more experience and research on the based practice so as to be able to apply the knowledge in the future in case of an encounter with a patient in such a situation, as I was guided by senior nurses in the intensive care unit ward (Schnell et al 2014). Some patients with injuries in the pulmonary shunt may contract hypoxemic respiratory failure. Acute respiratory failure has been known to be caused by several factors that lead to the obstruction and interference with the breathing pathways and the organs involved. Injuries impair the respiratory systems and adversely affects the oxygen flow in the blood. For example, if there is an injury to the spinal cord the breathing process is affected. This is because the brain commands the brain to breathe. Thus, if the information transfer from the brain to the lungs is altered with due to injury, the lungs fail to function properly. According to the diagnosis carried out in the lab showed that risky behaviors of Mr. X lead to his infection. During diagnosis, the doctor asked the patient questions about his life. Mr. X had engaged in unethical behaviors drug and substance abuse. He used to take excessive alcohol, smoking and inhalation of toxic drugs and this lead to his acute respiratory problems (Moreau et al2013). Mr. X also had a lot of internal injuries on his chest and ribs and this interfered with the breathing process. The pathophysiology of Mr. X health was influenced by overdrinking and over smoking of toxic inhalation substances, this leads to improper brain functioning. Toxic chemicals interfered and damaged the tissues, air sacs and capillaries of Mr. X breathing system. Diagnosis showed that Mr. X had started developing cancer of the lungs due to excessive use of alcohol. The doctor checked the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration levels using a pulse oximetry and also tested the arterial blood gas (Konstantinides et al, 2014). Exposure to some irritating gases affects the airways by causing bronchitis, bronchiolitis and tracheitis. Other inhaled agents like carbon monoxide and cyanide if inhaled directly results to harm by displacing oxygen and causing asphyxia. Hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ozone, ammonia and phosgene are among the irritating gases. Hydrogen sulphide blocks the cytochrome system inhibiting the cellular respiration. Water-soluble gases affect the upper airways and cause the mucous membrane irritation. These gases due to their irritation action alert people in the surrounding making them escape. Less soluble gases are unable to dissolve in liquid but are very risky when they reach the lower airways. Injuries caused by smoke inhalation result in lung damage which is the main respiratory organ. Risky behaviors of Mr. X like excessive use of alcohol is characterized as the main cause of cancer or in the lungs. The test result findings of Mr. X showed that over drinking of alcohol had begun to develop a significance acute hypoxemia spread to pulmonary infiltrates in the absence of cardiac failure but it developed into acute lung injury. There was disruption of endothelium- capillary interphase. (Gurin et al, 2013). During the sensitive phase of acute lung injury, there is the increase in the permeability of the capillary- endothelium barrier which leads to the leakage of protein-rich fluids outside the capillaries. The type 1 pneumocytes cells of the alveolar epithelium are much damaged when the acute lung injury occurs. This results in the creation of the open interface between the blood and the lungs and it facilitates the diffuse of microorganisms from the leading to systemic inflammatory response. The lung injury also causes difficulties the for the lungs to expel fluid through the capillaries out of the airspaces. The microvascular thrombosis, fluid-filled air spaces, disorganized repair and loss of surfactant lead to decrease compliance, increase in ventilation- permeation mismatch, right to left pathway breathing system. The lymphatic drainage of Mr. X was curtailed by the acute injury. This contributed to the increase of extravascular fluid. The inflammation and obstruction o alveolar c ells lead to fibroblast proliferation, tracheal remodeling, hyaline membrane structure formation and fibrosis of the lung. Extensive susceptibility of Mr. X condition to microvascular thrombosis would lead to myocardial dysfunction, systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Mr. X had a compromised pulmonary system which was as a result of thermal injury and inhalation injury that facilitated to microvascular permeability and this lead to pulmonary oedema and increased lung lymph flow. There are several cases of patients who have been exposed to some harmful agents like mercury, nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide. After around ten days they are likely to develop complications in the respiratory system known as bronchiolitis obliterans. These acute respiratory complications make the granulation tissue to accumulate at the ends of airways and alveolar pathways during respiratory process. Few of such patients develop the pulmonary fibrosis afterwards (Schmidt et al 2014). According to Mr. X's health condition, the doctor instructed he uses a ventilator support. The doctor also prescribed the analgesic medication, humidification and oxygen supply for faster improvement. Due to his difficulties in breathing at his own, the doctor inserted a tube through the nose or the mouth and connected it to the ventilator to enable the patient to breathe easily. For the patients who require the prolonged ventilator, through their windpipe an artificial airway called tracheostomy is created. The mechanical ventilator used in the case Mr. X is the most appropriate therapeutic means for acute respiratory failure (Curley et al 2015). The aim of the mechanical was to keep the PaO2 greater at 60 mmHg (8.0 kDa) without injuring the lungs through forcing of excess oxygen (Lemiale et al 2015). The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the most preferred to the patient are under mechanical ventilation therapeutic mainstay. To the patient who is able to breathe at their o wn, it was my role as nurse to supply them with portable oxygen tanks for helping them with easier breathing (Creed Spiers 2010). After two to three weeks Mr. X started showing some improvement. The doctor advised him more on the importance of avoiding alcohol for his better future. He was then referred to a counsellor where he was taught about the cause of his condition, hoe to avoid further complication to his health and how to improve on his healing. This included for Mr. X engagement on therapeutic exercises. Acute respiratory failure if not treated for a long time may lead to permanent damage to lungs or develops to lung cancer. Highly corrosive chemicals cause a very significant damage to the airway lining and also to the lungs. This requires immediate medical interventions. Some of the antibiotic administered to the patient are corticosteroids and bronchodilators for the treatment of bronchospasm. There are cheap positive pressure devices that are used in mass casualty conditions and some drugs for prevention of inflammatory and pulmonary oedema (Naeije et al 2013). Some drugs that have been recommended and are profitable in the treatment of pulmonary oedema caused by exposure to corrosive chemicals are; dopamine, allopurinol, beta- agonists, insulin and ibuprofen. The beta- agonists which are used to treat asthma has been found effective in reducing the pulmonary oedema condition (Sorbo et al, 2014). The drug called sevoflurane is an anaesthetic agent used as a bronchodilator and it lowers pressure in the airways and improves the oxygen flow through the capillaries. Some of the drugs are administered to t arget specific injury sites and for the specific inflammatory response. There are other drugs that help in regulating and improvement of the activities of the ion in the blood channels to control fluid movement across the lung membranes. (Walkey Wiener 2013). They also target the surfactant. The mechanic information concerning biochemistry, physiology, and toxicology are important in determining the new therapy methods and development of new diagnostic methods. Acute respiration failure has been the most common infection that led to many cases of people who have been admitted to the intensive care unit. The lung is the most affected organ in the patient's body. The lung is an elastic organ whose inflation results from the partial pressure of the gases inhaled and the diffusion gradient of these gases as they cross the alveolar- capillary membrane. During breathing it's the lung that plays a passive role with the help of the muscular effort for ventilation. At normal breathing, exhalation is completely passive but when one is exercising in forced expirat ion, the muscles involved becomes active. As the process of respiration involves the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), the lungs must overcome its elastic components for it to inflate. With high compliance and the absence of elastic tissue and alveolar, the lungs are able to inflate easily. Insufficient lung ventilation results in a hypercapnic respiratory failure. It occurs when oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange fail. Some of the conditions that cause acute respiratory failure includes; primary respiration infection, drug overdose and exacerbation of cardiac disease. There are several medical indicators of acute respiratory failure. These indicators include; PH below 7.35 versus partial pressure carbon dioxide in the arteries (paco2) above 50mm Hg, partial pressure oxygen in the arteries (pao2) below 60mm Hg and arterial oxygen supply as measured by oximetry (spo2) below 91% in the room air and paco2 increase of 10mm Hg from below in patients with chronic lung cancer. The basic nursing care for the treatment of acute respiratory failure is by supporting the patient with devices for supplemental oxygen through mechanical ventilation and monitoring oxygen saturation (Morton et al 2017. For the tremendous effect on improving the patient's efficiency of recovery. It's the role of the nurse to check on changes in the respiratory status of the patients (Aitken et al 2015). Assessment of the patient tissue oxygen status frequently. Evaluation and indication of result end-organ perfusion and noting the signal of coronary artery perfusion. (Bellani et al 2016). References Aitken, L., Chaboyer, W. and Marshall, A., 2015. Scope of critical care practice. ACCCN's Critical Care Nursing-E-Book, p.1. 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