Hans Christian Andersen Biography

Hans Christian Andersen was a famous Danish writer, known for his fairy tales, as well as other works. Birth and Education Hans Christian Andersen was born in the slums of Odense. His father was a cobbler (shoemaker) and his mother worked as a washerwoman. His mother was also uneducated and superstitious. Andersen received very little education, but his fascination with fairy tales inspired him to compose his own stories and arrange puppet shows, on a theater his father had taught him to build and manage. Even with his imagination, and the stories his father told him, Andersen did not have a happy childhood. Hans Christian Andersen Death: Andersen died in his home in Rolighed on August 4, 1875. Hans Christian Andersen Career: His father died when Andersen was 11 (in 1816). Andersen was forced to go to work, first as an apprentice to a weaver and tailor and then in a tobacco factory. At the age of 14, he moved to Copenhagen to try a career as a singer, dancer and actor. Even with the support of benefactors, the next three years were difficult. He sang in the boys choir until his voice changed, but he made very little money. He also tried the ballet, but his awkwardness made such a career impossible. Finally, when he was 17, Chancellor Jonas Collin discovered Andersen. Collin was a director at the Royal Theater. After hearing the Andersen read a play, Collin realized that he had talent. Collin procured money from the king for Andersens education, first sending him to a terrible, taunting teacher, then arranging a private tutor. In 1828, Andersen passed the entrance examinations to the university in Copenhagen. His writings were first published in 1829. And, in 1833, he received grant money for travel, which he used to visit Germany, France, Switzerland, and Italy. During his journey, he met Victor Hugo, Heinrich Heine, Balzac, and Alexandre Dumas. In 1835, Andersen published Fairy Tales for Children, which contained four short stories. He eventually wrote 168 fairy tales. Among Andersens best known fairy tales are Emperors New Clothes, Little Ugly Duckling, The Tinderbox, Little Claus and Big Claus, Princess and the Pea, The Snow Queen, The Little Mermaid, The Nightingale, The Story of a Mother and The Swineherd.In 1847, Andersen met Charles Dickens. In 1853, he dedicated A Poets Day Dreams to Dickens. Andersons work influenced Dickens, along with other writers like William Thackeray and Oscar Wilde.

The Effect Of Sensor Market On The Environment Of Rapid...

1) The overview of simulation In recent years, the sensor market is expected to have a great potential for development. This is because under the environment of rapid progress of technology, sensors has been extensively applied in high-tech products with the high frequency of use, such as smart-phones, laptops and other portable equipment. Under the simulated market, the sensor market was carved up by four companies, they are Andrews, Baldwin, Chester and Digby, and each of them also operated 5 different product lines which are traditional, low-end, high-end, performance and size products. In this simulation, our company generally experienced two stages: Stage 1 (round 1-3) Our company was not performed excellently during this stage. The overall market share for our products was in the state of continued to decline (from 25.51% to23.11%) as well as the share price (from $40.36 to $27.54). consequently, this sluggish performance led to the market capitalization decreased from $81 million to $66 million, which is in the third place in the four companies. Stage 2 (round 4-7) Over seven rounds of heated competition, there were several pound achievements we madeï ¼Å¡ i. We not only reached the highest overall market share(40.38%), but also the highest market share for each individual product comparted to the other three rivals. These laid a solid foundation for our strong retail sales. ii. 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Acute Respiratory Failure Case Study for Pathophysiology Process

Question: Discuss about theAcute Respiratory Failure Case Study for Pathophysiology Process. Answer: The concept of this essay relates to the history of "Mr. X" who had suffered the acute respiratory failure. The essay begins with the discussion of Mr. X condition with relevant to his history of signs and symptoms and the result's assessment. It will also incorporate the general pathophysiology process of acute respiratory disease in relation to Mr. X's health conditions. The essay will define the respiratory disease and also the major causes of the infection will also discuss on the relationship between clinical condition assessment findings and Mr. X symptoms with pathophysiology occurring, Patients symptoms and typical assessment findings being analyzed. The conclusion will be based on the significance themes being discussed. A 65-year-old man who will be known as Mr. X to protect his identity is admitted to the hospital due to acute respiratory failure. Some of the symptoms that Mr. X had when he was admitted to the hospital include; tachypnea, peripheral vasodilation, cyanosis, tachycardia and bilateral fine respiratory crackles. He had a history of increased dyspnea and past injuries. The patient also had difficulties in breathing, restless, anxious, racing heartbeat, the skin started turning bluish, unconsciousness and profuse sweating (Frat et al, 2015). Acute respiratory distress becomes severe when the damage reaches the alveoli and the conditions turn to be the acute respiratory failure (Combes et al 2014). The patient has difficulties in oxygen supply to the blood system. This causes the pulmonary system to be unable to meet the metabolic requirements of the body. Mr. X's most risky condition was inadequate to supply of oxygen through his airways. He was then transferred to the intensive care uni t. He was placed in the pulse oximetry and the oxygen saturation maintained to above 90%. This was to ventilate his alveolar where the oxygen diffuses across the alveolar membrane into the blood capillaries. The urgent resuscitation was to improve the patients' health condition as much as possible and to prevent further life-threatening conditions. As a new nurse had little experience in dealing with the patient in such a critical condition. My prioritization was to learn more experience and research on the based practice so as to be able to apply the knowledge in the future in case of an encounter with a patient in such a situation, as I was guided by senior nurses in the intensive care unit ward (Schnell et al 2014). Some patients with injuries in the pulmonary shunt may contract hypoxemic respiratory failure. Acute respiratory failure has been known to be caused by several factors that lead to the obstruction and interference with the breathing pathways and the organs involved. Injuries impair the respiratory systems and adversely affects the oxygen flow in the blood. For example, if there is an injury to the spinal cord the breathing process is affected. This is because the brain commands the brain to breathe. Thus, if the information transfer from the brain to the lungs is altered with due to injury, the lungs fail to function properly. According to the diagnosis carried out in the lab showed that risky behaviors of Mr. X lead to his infection. During diagnosis, the doctor asked the patient questions about his life. Mr. X had engaged in unethical behaviors drug and substance abuse. He used to take excessive alcohol, smoking and inhalation of toxic drugs and this lead to his acute respiratory problems (Moreau et al2013). Mr. X also had a lot of internal injuries on his chest and ribs and this interfered with the breathing process. The pathophysiology of Mr. X health was influenced by overdrinking and over smoking of toxic inhalation substances, this leads to improper brain functioning. Toxic chemicals interfered and damaged the tissues, air sacs and capillaries of Mr. X breathing system. Diagnosis showed that Mr. X had started developing cancer of the lungs due to excessive use of alcohol. The doctor checked the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration levels using a pulse oximetry and also tested the arterial blood gas (Konstantinides et al, 2014). Exposure to some irritating gases affects the airways by causing bronchitis, bronchiolitis and tracheitis. Other inhaled agents like carbon monoxide and cyanide if inhaled directly results to harm by displacing oxygen and causing asphyxia. Hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ozone, ammonia and phosgene are among the irritating gases. Hydrogen sulphide blocks the cytochrome system inhibiting the cellular respiration. Water-soluble gases affect the upper airways and cause the mucous membrane irritation. These gases due to their irritation action alert people in the surrounding making them escape. Less soluble gases are unable to dissolve in liquid but are very risky when they reach the lower airways. Injuries caused by smoke inhalation result in lung damage which is the main respiratory organ. Risky behaviors of Mr. X like excessive use of alcohol is characterized as the main cause of cancer or in the lungs. The test result findings of Mr. X showed that over drinking of alcohol had begun to develop a significance acute hypoxemia spread to pulmonary infiltrates in the absence of cardiac failure but it developed into acute lung injury. There was disruption of endothelium- capillary interphase. (Gurin et al, 2013). During the sensitive phase of acute lung injury, there is the increase in the permeability of the capillary- endothelium barrier which leads to the leakage of protein-rich fluids outside the capillaries. The type 1 pneumocytes cells of the alveolar epithelium are much damaged when the acute lung injury occurs. This results in the creation of the open interface between the blood and the lungs and it facilitates the diffuse of microorganisms from the leading to systemic inflammatory response. The lung injury also causes difficulties the for the lungs to expel fluid through the capillaries out of the airspaces. The microvascular thrombosis, fluid-filled air spaces, disorganized repair and loss of surfactant lead to decrease compliance, increase in ventilation- permeation mismatch, right to left pathway breathing system. The lymphatic drainage of Mr. X was curtailed by the acute injury. This contributed to the increase of extravascular fluid. The inflammation and obstruction o alveolar c ells lead to fibroblast proliferation, tracheal remodeling, hyaline membrane structure formation and fibrosis of the lung. Extensive susceptibility of Mr. X condition to microvascular thrombosis would lead to myocardial dysfunction, systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Mr. X had a compromised pulmonary system which was as a result of thermal injury and inhalation injury that facilitated to microvascular permeability and this lead to pulmonary oedema and increased lung lymph flow. There are several cases of patients who have been exposed to some harmful agents like mercury, nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide. After around ten days they are likely to develop complications in the respiratory system known as bronchiolitis obliterans. These acute respiratory complications make the granulation tissue to accumulate at the ends of airways and alveolar pathways during respiratory process. Few of such patients develop the pulmonary fibrosis afterwards (Schmidt et al 2014). According to Mr. X's health condition, the doctor instructed he uses a ventilator support. The doctor also prescribed the analgesic medication, humidification and oxygen supply for faster improvement. Due to his difficulties in breathing at his own, the doctor inserted a tube through the nose or the mouth and connected it to the ventilator to enable the patient to breathe easily. For the patients who require the prolonged ventilator, through their windpipe an artificial airway called tracheostomy is created. The mechanical ventilator used in the case Mr. X is the most appropriate therapeutic means for acute respiratory failure (Curley et al 2015). The aim of the mechanical was to keep the PaO2 greater at 60 mmHg (8.0 kDa) without injuring the lungs through forcing of excess oxygen (Lemiale et al 2015). The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the most preferred to the patient are under mechanical ventilation therapeutic mainstay. To the patient who is able to breathe at their o wn, it was my role as nurse to supply them with portable oxygen tanks for helping them with easier breathing (Creed Spiers 2010). After two to three weeks Mr. X started showing some improvement. The doctor advised him more on the importance of avoiding alcohol for his better future. He was then referred to a counsellor where he was taught about the cause of his condition, hoe to avoid further complication to his health and how to improve on his healing. This included for Mr. X engagement on therapeutic exercises. Acute respiratory failure if not treated for a long time may lead to permanent damage to lungs or develops to lung cancer. Highly corrosive chemicals cause a very significant damage to the airway lining and also to the lungs. This requires immediate medical interventions. Some of the antibiotic administered to the patient are corticosteroids and bronchodilators for the treatment of bronchospasm. There are cheap positive pressure devices that are used in mass casualty conditions and some drugs for prevention of inflammatory and pulmonary oedema (Naeije et al 2013). Some drugs that have been recommended and are profitable in the treatment of pulmonary oedema caused by exposure to corrosive chemicals are; dopamine, allopurinol, beta- agonists, insulin and ibuprofen. The beta- agonists which are used to treat asthma has been found effective in reducing the pulmonary oedema condition (Sorbo et al, 2014). The drug called sevoflurane is an anaesthetic agent used as a bronchodilator and it lowers pressure in the airways and improves the oxygen flow through the capillaries. Some of the drugs are administered to t arget specific injury sites and for the specific inflammatory response. There are other drugs that help in regulating and improvement of the activities of the ion in the blood channels to control fluid movement across the lung membranes. (Walkey Wiener 2013). They also target the surfactant. The mechanic information concerning biochemistry, physiology, and toxicology are important in determining the new therapy methods and development of new diagnostic methods. Acute respiration failure has been the most common infection that led to many cases of people who have been admitted to the intensive care unit. The lung is the most affected organ in the patient's body. The lung is an elastic organ whose inflation results from the partial pressure of the gases inhaled and the diffusion gradient of these gases as they cross the alveolar- capillary membrane. During breathing it's the lung that plays a passive role with the help of the muscular effort for ventilation. At normal breathing, exhalation is completely passive but when one is exercising in forced expirat ion, the muscles involved becomes active. As the process of respiration involves the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), the lungs must overcome its elastic components for it to inflate. With high compliance and the absence of elastic tissue and alveolar, the lungs are able to inflate easily. Insufficient lung ventilation results in a hypercapnic respiratory failure. It occurs when oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange fail. Some of the conditions that cause acute respiratory failure includes; primary respiration infection, drug overdose and exacerbation of cardiac disease. There are several medical indicators of acute respiratory failure. These indicators include; PH below 7.35 versus partial pressure carbon dioxide in the arteries (paco2) above 50mm Hg, partial pressure oxygen in the arteries (pao2) below 60mm Hg and arterial oxygen supply as measured by oximetry (spo2) below 91% in the room air and paco2 increase of 10mm Hg from below in patients with chronic lung cancer. The basic nursing care for the treatment of acute respiratory failure is by supporting the patient with devices for supplemental oxygen through mechanical ventilation and monitoring oxygen saturation (Morton et al 2017. For the tremendous effect on improving the patient's efficiency of recovery. It's the role of the nurse to check on changes in the respiratory status of the patients (Aitken et al 2015). Assessment of the patient tissue oxygen status frequently. Evaluation and indication of result end-organ perfusion and noting the signal of coronary artery perfusion. (Bellani et al 2016). References Aitken, L., Chaboyer, W. and Marshall, A., 2015. Scope of critical care practice. ACCCN's Critical Care Nursing-E-Book, p.1. Authors/Task Force Members, Konstantinides, S.V., Torbicki, A., Agnelli, G., Danchin, N., Fitzmaurice, D., Gali, N., Gibbs, J.S.R., Huisman, M.V., Humbert, M. and Kucher, N., 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Respiratory Society (ERS). European heart journal, 35(43), pp.3033-3073. Bellani, G., Laffey, J.G., Pham, T., Fan, E., Brochard, L., Esteban, A., Gattinoni, L., Van Haren, F., Larsson, A., McAuley, D.F. and Ranieri, M., 2016. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. Jama, 315(8), pp.788-8. Creed, F. and Spiers, C. eds., 2010. Care of the acutely ill adult: an essential guide for nurses. OUP Oxford. Combes, A., Brodie, D., Bartlett, R., Brochard, L., Brower, R., Conrad, S., De Backer, D., Fan, E., Ferguson, N., Fortenberry, J. and Fraser, J., 2014. Position paper for the organization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation programs for acute respiratory failure in adult patients. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 190(5), pp.488-496. Curley, M.A., Wypij, D., Watson, R.S., Grant, M.J.C., Asaro, L.A., Cheifetz, I.M., Dodson, B.L., Franck, L.S., Gedeit, R.G., Angus, D.C. and Matthay, M.A., 2015. Protocolized sedation vs usual care in pediatric patients mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 313(4), pp.379-389. Del Sorbo, L., Cypel, M. and Fan, E., 2014. Extracorporeal life support for adults with severe acute respiratory failure. The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 2(2), pp.154-164. Gurin, C., Reignier, J., Richard, J.C., Beuret, P., Gacouin, A., Boulain, T., Mercier, E., Badet, M., Mercat, A., Baudin, O. and Clavel, M., 2013. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(23), pp.2159-2168. Frat, J.P., Thille, A.W., Mercat, A., Girault, C., Ragot, S., Perbet, S., Prat, G., Boulain, T., Morawiec, E., Cottereau, A. and Devaquet, J., 2015. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(23), pp.2185-2196. Lemiale, V., Mokart, D., Resche-Rigon, M., Pne, F., Mayaux, J., Faucher, E., Nyunga, M., Girault, C., Perez, P., Guitton, C. and Ekpe, K., 2015. Effect of noninvasive ventilation vs oxygen therapy on mortality among immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 314(16), pp.1711-1719. Moreau, R., Jalan, R., Gines, P., Pavesi, M., Angeli, P., Cordoba, J., Durand, F., Gustot, T., Saliba, F., Domenicali, M. and Gerbes, A., 2013. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology, 144(7), pp.1426-1437. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017. Critical care nursing: a holistic approach (p. 1056). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Naeije, R., Vachiery, J.L., Yerly, P. and Vanderpool, R., 2013. The transpulmonary pressure gradient for the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease. Walkey, A.J. and Wiener, R.S., 2013. Use of noninvasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure, 20002009: a population-based study. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 10(1), pp.10-17. Schmidt, M., Bailey, M., Sheldrake, J., Hodgson, C., Aubron, C., Rycus, P.T., Scheinkestel, C., Cooper, D.J., Brodie, D., Pellegrino, V. and Combes. A., 2014 Predicting survival after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory failure. The Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction (RESP) score. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 189(11), pp.1374-1382. Schnell, D., Timsit, J.F., Darmon, M., Vesin, A., Goldgran-Toledano, D., Dumenil, A.S., Garrouste-Orgeas, M., Adrie, C., Bouadma, L., Planquette, B. and Cohen, Y., 2014. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure: trends in use and outcomes. Intensive care medicine, 40(4), pp.582-591.

Development Role of Rbi free essay sample

This role is, perhaps, the most unheralded aspect of our activities, yet it remains among the most critical. The Reserve Bank is one of the few central banks that has taken an active and direct role in supporting developmental activities in their country. The Reserve Bank’s developmental role includes -ensuring credit to productive sectors of the economy, -creating institutions to build financial infrastructure, -expanding access to affordable financial services, and promoting financial education and literacy. Over the years, its developmental role has extended to institution building for facilitating the availability of diversified financial services within the country. The Reserve Bank today also plays an active role in encouraging efficient customer service throughout the banking industry, as well as extension of banking service to all, through the thrust on financial inclusion. Rural Credit Given the predominantly agrarian character of the Indian economy, the Reserve Bank’s role has been to ensure timely and adequate credit to the agricultural sector and other economic activities in rural area at affordable cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Development Role of Rbi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Section 54 of the RBI Act, 1934 states that: the Bank may maintain expert staff to study various aspects of rural credit and development and in particular, it may:- (a)tender expert guidance and assistance to the National Bank (NABARD) and (b) conduct special studies in such areas as it may consider necessary to do so for promoting integrated rural development Priority Sector Lending The guiding principle of the revised guidelines on lending to priority sector has been to ensure adequate flow of bank credit to those sectors of the society/economy that impact large segments of the population and weaker sections, and to the sectors which are employment-intensive, such as, agriculture and micro and small enterprises(MSE). The broad categories of advances under priority sector now include agriculture, micro and small enterprises sector, microcredit, education and housing. Lead Bank Scheme (LBS) (December 2009) Here designated banks were made key instruments for local development and were entrusted with the responsibility of identifying growth centres, assessing deposit potential and credit gaps and evolving a coordinated approach for credit deployment in each district, in concert with other banks and other agencies. The Reserve Bank has assigned a Lead District Manager for each district who acts as a catalytic force for promoting financial inclusion and smooth working between government and banks. The LBS has largely achieved its original objective of bringing about overall improvements in branch expansion, -mobilisation of deposits and lending(credit planning) to the priority sectors, especially in rural/semi urban areas, Achieving 100 per cent financial inclusion, -strengthening the microfinance and cooperative sector, and -liberating the rural masses from the debt-trap. Special Agricultural Credit Plan/ Agricultural Credit With a view to augmenting the flow of credit to agriculture, Special Agricultural Credit Plan (SACP) was instituted and has been in operation for quite some time now. Under the SACP, banks are required to fix self-set targets showing an increase of about 30 per cent over previous year’s disbursements on yearly basis (April – March). The public sector banks have been formulating SACP since 1994. The scheme has been extended to Private Sector banks as well from the year 2005-06. Objective: To provide direct finance to small and marginal farmers. Banks were allowed to waive margin/security requirements for agricultural loans up to Rs. 50,000 and, in the case of agribusiness and agri-clinics, for loans up to Rs. 5 lakh. Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) (1998-99) Union Finance Minister announced in his budget speech for 1998-99 that NABARD would formulate a Model scheme for issue of KCC to farmers, on the basis of their land holdings, for uniform adoption by banks, so that the farmers may use them to readily purchase agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, etc. and also draw cash for their production needs. The KCC Scheme was introduced to enable the farmers to purchase agricultural inputs and draw cash for their production needs. On revision of the KCC Scheme by NABARD in 2004, the scheme now covers term credit as well as working capital for agriculture and allied activities and a reasonable component for consumption needs. KCC Scheme aims at providing need based and timely credit support to the eligible farmers for their cultivation needs as well as non-farm activities at cost effective manner. Natural Calamities – Relief Measures In order to provide relief to bank borrowers in times of natural calamities, the Reserve Bank has issued standing guidelines to banks. The relief measures include, among other things, rescheduling / conversion of short-term loans into term loans; fresh loans; relaxed security and margin norms; treatment of converted/rescheduled agriculture loans as ‘current dues’; non-compounding of interest in respect of loans converted / rescheduled; and moratorium of at least one year. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development(MSMED), 2006 includes micro, small and medium enterprise in relation to manufacturing or production and service industry. Some of the major measures by RBI/ GOI to improve the credit flow to the MSE sector are as under: Collateral Free Loans: Reserve Bank has issued instructions/guidelines advising banks to sanction collateral free loans up to Rs. 5 lakh to the MSE borrowers. Further, banks have also been advised to lend collateral free loans up to Rs. 25 lakh, based on good track record and financial position of the units. Credit Guarantee Scheme(CGS) for Small Industries by SIDB: The main objective of the (CGS) for MSEs is to make available bank credit to first generation entrepreneurs for setting up their MSE units without the hassles of collateral/third party guarantee. The Scheme envisages that the lender availing guarantee facility would give composite credit so that the borrowers obtain both term loan and working capital facilities from a single agency. The Trust at present is providing guarantee to collateral free loans up to Rs. 1 crore under the scheme. Specialised MSE Branch in every District: Public sector banks were advised in August 2005 to operationalise at least one specialised MSE branch in every district and centre having a cluster of MSE enterprises. At the end of March 2009, 869 specialised MSE bank branches were operationalised by banks. Formulation of â€Å"Banking Code for MSE Customers†: The Banking Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI) has formulated a voluntary Code of Bank’s Commitment to Micro and Small Enterprises and has set minimum standards of banking practices for banks to follow when they are dealing with MSEs. Working Group on Rehabilitation/Nursing of Potentially Viable Sick SME Units: Detailed guidelines have been issued to banks advising them to evolve Board approved policies for the MSE sector relating to: (i) Loan policy governing extension of credit facilities. (ii) Restructuring / Rehabilitation policy for revival of potentially viable sick units / enterprises. (iii) Non-discretionary one time settlement scheme for recovery of non-performing loans. Institutions established by RBI 1962 Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC), to provide protection to bank depositors and guarantee cover to credit facilities extended to certain categories of small borrowers. 1964Unit Trust Of India(UTI), first Mutual fund of India